Chocolate Research

Originally for an article, but I changed the topic, so here it is.

• Chemical (ingredients)
• ingredients
• History
• How chocolate is made
• Health benefits
• Dark chocolate
• What makes ppl addicted to chocolate?
• Favourite kinds of chocolate

http://www.scienceofcooking.com/chocolate/science-of-chocolate.htm

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/scienceofchocolate.html

https://www.nbclearn.com/portal/site/learn/freeresources/chemistry-now/chemistry-of-chocolate

Chocolate. Favourite sweet of all time [cite source]. I love chocolate, and would eat it all the time if I could. So what exactly draws people to chocolate, to the point of making them “addicted”? I’ve loved this sweet since I was 4 when I first tasted it, I’ve eaten so much to the point that I’ve been banned from it on more than one occasion? What is the reason my parents banned me from eating it and my love for it? Here are some excuses for chocolate lovers to combat this ban/reasons to continue eating chocolate.

Chocolate is a solid mass of sugar, fat, milk solid and cacao. It’s sometimes difficult to discern exactly what draws people back to it over and over again.

1. Chocolate contains
2. 
   

Chocolate Making Process

1. Harvest: Cut and crack open pods for beans
2. Ferment: Let micro-organisms and heat kill bean and develop flavor
3. Dry and Ship: Sun dry beans to preserve them for travel to chocolate-making factories
4. Clean: Remove dirt, sand, and debris
5. Winnow: Remove bean shell from cotyledon (nib), saving the flavorful nib
6. Roast: Heat the nib to develop its flavor
7. Grind and Mill: Release cocoa butter fat and generate coarse particles of cacao from the nib
8. Mix: Combine cacao, cocoa butter, milk, sugar, and flavors
9. Conch: Slowly mix ingredients under heat while continuously grinding to make a smooth texture
10. Temper: Crystallize the cocoa butter to form a solid that is easy to snap and melts in the mouth
11. Form: Pour and cast chocolates

Chemical

http://www.scienceofcooking.com/chocolate/drugs-found-in-chocolate.htm

http://www.scienceofcooking.com/chocolate/health-benefits-of-chocolate.htm

Biodiversity Research

also stuff for individual research paper. I tried to get a head start, turns out it was futile, and I just did more than I needed to.

https://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/biodiversity/biodiversity_and_you/ just use WWF

• Biological diversity is resource upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depend
• link between all organisms on earth, binding each into an interdependent ecosystem, all species have their role
• It is the web of life.
• if there is a biodiversity crisis, our health and livelihoods are at risk too.
• currently  using 25% more natural resources than planet can sustain → species, habitats and local communities under pressure or direct threats
• Biodiversity underpins the health of the planet and has a direct impact on all our lives.
• reduced biodiversity → millions of people face a future where food supplies more vulnerable to pests and disease, fresh water irregular/short supply
• Ecosystem services = all services we get from natural world we often take for granted (eg. H2O, soil formation/protection, pollution breakdown/absorption, climate stability and recovery from natural disasters)
• According to IUCN, the World Conservation Union, monetary value of goods/services provided by ecosystems estimated to amount to US$33 trillion / yr
• We harvest estimated 50,000-70,000 plant species for medicine worldwide.

• 100 million+ metric tonnes of aquatic life (fish, molluscs, crustaceans) taken from the wild every year
• wild animal meat form critical contribution to food sources + livelihoods in many

https://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/protected_areas/arguments_for_protection/goods_services/

http://allyandkexin.weebly.com/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-loss.html

Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on earth. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet.

http://www.globalissues.org/issue/169/biodiversity

http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions

http://www.cie.org.uk/images/260864-resource-list-for-cambridge-igcse-global-perspectives-2017-.pdf

http://www.peopleandtheplanet.com/

http://www.trees.co.za/ natural history museum

http://157.140.2.10/discover.html

http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/useful botanic gardens

https://www.foe.co.uk/ friends of the earth

https://www.soilassociation.org/ soil association

Definition of Biodiversity

Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, is

From ppt. ppt

Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

What is Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.

Q: Why is it important to preserve ecosystems

A: Conserving ecosystems guarantees the very existence of every animal and plant species on Earth. The natural world consists of various complex interactions between different ecosystems. Organisms influence one another and exist in an ecosystem created by nature’s balance.

https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_end/con_end_reg/con_end_reg_ord/con_end_reg_ord.html

https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/conservation/hotspots

http://www.conservation.org/nature-is-speaking/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.cfare.org/UserFiles/file/publications/2007ABCNature.pdf

Extra paragraph

For Global Perspectives Research Essay. Topic: non-native species. I wrote an extra introductory paragraph, felt like it's a shame to just delete, so I dumped it here.

China is the 3rd largest country on earth covering 5 different climatic zones.

China is suffering from at least 283 invasive species, 50 of which are in the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive species (specified by the IUCN). The rate/speed of species invasion has risen exponentially due to rapid development of transport technology, spreading them to various regions in the country. Foreign invasive species may have also came from overseas from tourists and before the 2008 Olympics, as the government has imported various foreign plants. While these plants may not be harmful themselves, they may have carried unwanted pests. The following graph shows the number of invasive species discovered every 20 years with an average yearly growth rate of 11.47%. Majority of non-native species were introduced when they are productive and beneficial to the economy. However, the country sustains a loss of 120 billion yuan (US$29.3 billion) every year from damage caused by invasive species. It is believed that quarantine and inspection are inadequate, allowing the spreading of unwanted organisms/invasive species.